Homens autores de homicídios femininos e feminicídios: análise de casos entre 2018 e 2019 na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Male perpetrators of female homicides and femicides: analysis of cases between 2018 and 2019 in the Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo A violência contra as mulheres em entornos domésticos e familiares tem raízes na desigualdade existente entre os gêneros. Estudos sobre autores de violência letal são necessários para uma compreensão ampliada do fenômeno. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os crimes dessa natureza e seus autores, mediante autópsias verbais realizadas com conhecidos e familiares de mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade de Campinas. No total, foram estudados 38 casos de homicídio feminino, dos quais 63,2% correspondem a feminicídios. A maioria dos responsáveis pelos crimes eram conhecidos (parceiros, cônjuges e namorados) nos casos de feminicídio, e desconhecidos (sujeitos cuja identidade foi ignorada) nos casos de homicídio feminino. As mortes ocorreram majoritariamente em entornos domésticos, sendo ocasionadas mediante o uso expressivo de violência e o emprego de objetos cortantes/perfurantes e armas de fogo. A fuga foi a conduta mais frequente depois da perpetração dos assassinatos. Os casos foram discutidos articulando intervenções voltadas para grupos reflexivos de masculinidade, centros de educação e reabilitação ou programas de recuperação, problematizando as dificuldades e ganhos no marco da Lei Maria da Penha.

Abstract Violence against women in domestic and family environments has its roots in the inequalities that exist between the genders. Studies on perpetrators of lethal violence are necessary for an expanded understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to characterize the crimes of this nature and their perpetrators, with verbal autopsies carried out with acquaintances and relatives of women victims of homicide in Campinas. In total, we studied 38 cases of female homicide, of which 63.2% correspond to femicides. Most perpetrators were acquaintances (partners, spouses, and lovers) in the cases of feminicide, and not acquaintances (subjects whose identity was unknown) in the cases of female homicide. The deaths occurred mostly in domestic environments and were caused by the expressive use of violence and the use of sharp/perforating objects and firearms. Fleeing was the most frequent behavior after the perpetration of the murders. The cases are discussed articulating the interventions aimed at the reflexive groups of masculinities, educational and rehabilitation centers, or recovery programs, problematizing their difficulties and gains within the framework of Lei Maria da Penha.

Panorama institucional do trabalho grupal com homens autores de violência contra mulher no Brasil / Institutional overview of group work with men perpetrators of violence against women in Brazil

Resumo A Lei Maria da Penha prevê o atendimento aos homens autores de violência em centros de reabilitação traduzidos, na prática, em atividades grupais. Este artigo apresenta um panorama nacional destas ações, realizado por meio de revisão de literatura, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os grupos foram identificados através de buscas nas bases LILACS/BVS, MEDLINE/PUBMED, COCHRANE LIBARY, EMBASE, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), mapeamento e listagem nacional das iniciativas com homens autores de violência já publicadas e pesquisa web. Dos 309 grupos identificados, 271 responderam o questionário enviado por meio eletrônico nos meses de abril e maio de 2021. Os resultados possibilitaram traçar um panorama que evidenciou as instituições atuantes; a forma de encaminhamento dos homens; a existência do trabalho em rede e aproximação dos movimentos sociais; informações sobre a equipe facilitadora; objetivos; metodologia de avaliação e os principais resultados e dificuldades destacados pelos grupos. Hiatos também foram confirmados como a ausência de política pública nacional que acolha e impulsione as organizações locais; a falta de formação continuada da equipe de facilitação; a ausência ou pouco aporte financeiro e, principalmente; a fragilidade na avaliação e monitoramento das atividades.

Abstract The Maria da Penha Law assists male perpetrators of violence in rehabilitation centers translated, in practice, into group activities. This study offers a national overview of these actions by conducting a literature review and bibliographical and documental research. Groups were identified by searches on LILACS/VHL, MEDLINE/PUBMED, COCHRANE LIBRARY, EMBASE, the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel's (CAPES) journal portal, published maps and national listing of initiatives with male perpetrators of violence, and a web search. Of the 309 groups identified, 271 answered an electronically sent questionnaire from April to May 2021. Results draw an overview showing the active institutions; the way men are referred to them; the existence of networking and approximation to social movements; information about facilitating teams; goals; evaluation methodology; and the main results and difficulties highlighted by these groups. This study also confirmed gaps, such as the absence of a national public policy that welcomes and encourages local organizations; facilitators' lack of ongoing training; the absence or scarcity of financial contribution; and especially the fragile evaluation and monitoring of activities.

Abuso sexual contra niños, niñas y adolescentes en Lima, Perú: una aproximación general a los patrones de personalidad, características sociodemográficas y el riesgo de violencia de los perpetradores / Sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Lima, Peru: an overview of personality patterns, socio-demographic characteristics and perpetrators' risk of violence / Abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes em Lima, Peru: uma visão geral dos padrões de personalidade, características sociodemográficas e risco de violência por parte dos perpetradores

El riesgo de abuso sexual contra niños, niñas y adolescentes es un problema generalizado de salud pública y de derechos humanos que enfrentan todos los países. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar si las características sociodemográficas, el riesgo de violencia y los patrones de personalidad del perpetrador podrían predecir futuros episodios de abuso sexual infantil. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal-correlacional en 32 personas privadas de la libertad (PPL) en un establecimiento penitenciario en Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Ficha Sociodemográfica, el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon II y la Guía de Valoración del Riesgo de Violencia. Los participantes tenían una edad promedio de 41,5 ± 8,50 años; la mayoría mantenía una relación: convivientes (31,3%) y casados (21,9%); y tiene secundaria completa (56,3%). Los trastornos de personalidad predominantes fue-ron el dependiente (56,3%) y el compulsivo (84,4%). El 79% presentó riesgo moderado de violencia futura. Existen correlaciones modera-das y fuertes entre las variables de estudio; y la regresión logística multivariada reveló que la edad y algunos trastornos de personalidad podrían ser predictores del riesgo de abuso sexual infantil. Estos hallazgos son de utilidad para realizar perfiles delictivos de futuros agresores o reincidentes; y contribuyen al diseño de programas de prevención y tratamiento.

The risk of sexual abuse against children and adolescents is a widespread public health and human rights problem facing all countries. This study aims to determine whether socio-demographic characteristics, risk of violence and personality patterns of the perpetrator could predict future episodes of child sexual abuse. A descriptive cross-sectional-correlational study was conducted in 32 persons deprived of liberty (PPL) in a penitentiary establishment in Lima, Peru. The Sociodemographic Form, the Millon's Multiaxial Clinical Inventory II and the Violence Risk Assessment Guide were used. Participants had an average age of 41.5 ± 8.50 years; most were in a relationship: cohabiting (31.3%) and married (21.9%); and had completed secondary school (56.3%). The predominant personality disorders were dependent (56.3%) and compulsive (84.4%). Seventy-nine per cent were at moderate risk of future violence. There are moderate and strong correlations between the study variables; and multivariate logistic regression revealed that age and some personality disorders could be predictors of child sexual abuse risk. These findings are useful for criminal profiling of future offenders or repeat offenders; and contribute to the design of prevention and treatment programmes.

O risco de abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é um problema generalizado de saúde pública e de direitos humanos enfrentado por todos os países. Este estudo visa determinar se as características sociodemográficas, o risco de violência e os padrões de personalidade do perpe-trador poderiam prever futuros episódios de abuso sexual infantil. Um estudo descritivo de corte transversal foi realizado em 32 pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) em um estabelecimento pe-nitenciário em Lima, Peru. Foram utilizados o Formulário Sociodemográfico, o Inventário Clínico Multiaxial II da Millon e o Guia de Avaliação de Risco de Violência. Os participantes tinham uma idade média de 41,5 ± 8,50 anos; a maioria estava em uma relação: coabitada (31,3%) e casada (21,9%); e tinha concluído o ensino médio (56,3%). Os distúrbios de personalidade predominantes eram dependentes (56,3%) e compulsivos (84,4%). Setenta e nove por cento estavam em risco moderado de violência futura. Há correlações moderadas e fortes entre as variáveis do estudo; e a regressão logística multivariada revelou que a idade e alguns distúrbios de personalidade poderiam ser preditores do risco de abuso sexual infantil. Estas descobertas são úteis para a caracterização criminal de futuros infratores ou reincidentes; e contribuem para a concepção de programas de prevenção e tratamento.

Facilitadores de la Violencia de Pareja Percibidos por Víctimas y Victimarios: Estudio Exploratorio en el Contexto de la Teoría del Aprendizaje Social / Facilitators of Intimate Partner Violence as Perceived by Victims and Perpetrators: An Exploratory Study in the Context of Social Learning Theory

Resumen Pocos estudios han documentado la percepción de víctimas y victimarios con respecto a los factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la percepción de víctimas y victimarios de violencia de pareja con respecto a factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia. Participaron 27 víctimas de violencia de pareja con edades entre 18 y 71 años (media = 34.25) y 27 victimarios jurídicamente confirmados, con edades entre 19 y 62 años (media = 40), quienes respondieron un cuestionario integrado por una lista sobre factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja y de datos sociodemográficos. Ambos grupos coincidieron en señalar al estrés y consumo de sustancias como propiciadoras de violencia, así como a la madre de su pareja como instigadoras. El diseño de intervenciones para tratar o prevenir violencia de pareja requieren identificar los factores que la facilitan, incluyendo a las familias circundantes ya que podrían no sólo tolerar o justificar la violencia, sino incluso inducirla. Finalmente, se discuten algunas diferencias notorias entre perpetradores y víctimas respecto de otras variables propiciadoras de violencia en el contexto de la teoría del aprendizaje social.

Abstract Few studies have documented the opinion of victims and perpetrators regarding the facilitating and instigating factors of intimate partner violence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence regarding facilitating and instigating factors of violence. Participants were 27 victims of intimate partner violence aged between 18 and 71 years (mean = 34.25) and 27 legally confirmed offenders, aged between 19 and 62 years (mean = 40), who answered a questionnaire consisting of a list of facilitating factors and instigators of intimate partner violence and sociodemographic data. Both groups agreed in pointing to stress and substance use as propitiators of violence, as well as the mother of their partner as instigators. The design of interventions to treat or prevent intimate partner violence requires identifying the factors that facilitate it, including the surrounding families, since they may not only tolerate or justify the violence, but even induce it. Finally, some notorious differences between perpetrators and victims are discussed with respect to other variables that promote violence in the context of social learning theory.

The demographics of minor perpetrators of sexually assaulted pediatric patients from the Philippine General Hospital - Child Protection Unit (PGH-CPU) from January 2013 to December 2018

Background@#Child sexual assault has been underreported, more so, those who minor perpetrators have assaulted. Surveillance for these children, victims and perpetrators alike, must be established. @*Objective@#The objective was to describe the characteristic profile of the minor perpetrators who committed child sexual abuse seen in Philippine General Hospital - Child Protection Unit (PGH-CPU) from January 2013 to December 2018. @*Methodology@#This retrospective cohort study was conducted using chart review and data retrieval from the Child Protection Management Information System (CPMIS) of the PGH-CPU.@*Results@#There were 931 minor perpetrators. 55.9% were 15-19 years old and were predominantly male. 12.7% came from Cavite and 9.5% from Manila. Most were neighbors, acquaintances, and cousins of the victims. 39.4% were still students. 14.4% engaged in alcohol consumption. 7.7% have repeatedly abused children. 6.1% already had police blotter records. 7.3% were exposed to pornography. 7.5% are currently in jail, and 4.1% are in the same household as the victim. @*Conclusion@#A child’s environment is potentially contributory to their actions. The minor perpetrators reported were observed to have adverse childhood experiences like violence in their families. Although sexual abuse cases focus on the victims, it is equally vital that authorities give attention to minor perpetrators because they are also children. Programs and interventions should be provided for them to grow up to be better individuals in society.

Perceptions of the rape crisis in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: A community-based approach using an opportunistic design

For almost three decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has experienced cycles of armed conflict, particularly in the east. During these conflicts, systematic rape has been used as a weapon of war to break women and communities. Knowledge produced about this phenomenon to date relates to the epidemiology, etiology and the consequences of these rapes, particularly on survivors in care institutions, thus ignoring the impact this phenomenon has on the communities. Our survey aims to investigate the extent to which women from the Orientale, North Kivu and South Kivu provinces experienced rape, as well as their perceptions regarding its frequency, characteristics, and repercussions for/on victims in their communities. From a sample of 1483 women, more than 99% had directly or indirectly experienced rape, on at least five occasions in three-quarters of cases. In their experience, a large proportion of the rapes took place at the victims' homes in the presence of family members and were perpetrated by members of military or paramilitary groups. Frequent health problems (several possibilities) reported include: bleeding (40.8%), pain (23.9%); unwanted pregnancies/abortions (23.4%), urogenital problems including STD (12.0%). Concerning mental health, they reported fear and anxiety (56.3%), depression and suicidal thoughts (16.8 %), insomnia (5.3%); 94.7% reported feelings of humiliation and shame and 6.9% social exclusion and stigmatization. Support for victims comes largely from NGOs (47.6%), families (27.1%) and Churches (14.3%). This is a major cultural, economic, political, human rights, and public health problem, which the authorities and international community must commit to tackling. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[4]: 42-56).

Perfil dos autores de letalidade violenta no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2015) / Profile of Rio de Janeiro's violent lethality perpetrators, Brazil (2015)

Resumo Apresenta-se o perfil dos autores de mortes por agressões intencionais no município do Rio de Janeiro, em 2015, segundo dados de investigação da Polícia Civil do Estado (PCERJ) sobre letalidade violenta. É um estudo quantitativo descritivo e transversal. As informações englobam homicídios dolosos, roubo seguido de morte, lesões corporais seguidas de morte e homicídios provenientes de oposição à intervenção policial. Do total de 1.562 mortes, subtraíram-se as cometidas por intervenção policial. Dos 1.255 crimes estudados, apenas 20% tiveram os autores identificados. Demonstra-se a significância das atividades ilegais de traficantes de drogas e milicianos nas mortes. Mas também a da violência interpessoal nos espaços domésticos e de convivência e vizinhança. Existe grande semelhança entre o perfil dos autores e das vítimas de letalidade violenta no contexto urbano estudado: homens, jovens e adultos jovens entre 19 e 39 anos, negros e pardos, com baixa escolaridade e elevados níveis de desemprego e ocupação informal.

Abstract This study presents the profile of the perpetrators of deaths caused by intentional aggressions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2015, as per data from the State Civil Police (PCERJ) investigations. This is a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The information encompasses "premeditated murder", "larceny", "bodily injury followed by death" and "homicide caused by resisting police intervention". The study analyzes the profile of the authors of each category, except homicides committed by police intervention. The crimes committed by police intervention were excluded from the total number of the 1,562 identified deaths. Only about 20% of the perpetrators of the 1,255 crimes investigated were identified. The data recognized show the relevance of drug traffickers and militiamen illegal activities in the deaths and interpersonal violence in domestic and community spaces and neighborhoods. A remarkable similarity is observed between the profile of violent lethality perpetrators and victims in the studied urban contexts: men, young people, and young adults aged 19-39 years, blacks, with low schooling, high levels of unemployment, and informal occupations.

Investigation on workplace violence countermeasures in a Grade 2A hospital / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of perpetrators of hospital workplace violence(WPV) on healthcare workers(HCWs) and the countermeasures. METHODS: A total of 978 HCWs was selected as the research subjects in a Grade 2 A hospital using a typical sampling method. The source of the perpetrators of hospital WPV, the subjects′ response to WPV, their degree of worry, their final coping styles and their satisfaction with the coping styles were investigated by the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Studies Research Instruments--Survey Questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence rate of workplace physical violence among HCWs was 8.79%(86/978). The perpetrators were mainly from patients and their family members(82.28%). The main responses to physical violence were to stop the perpetrator with words, talk to colleagues, inform the leaders in charge and try to prevent physical violence from recurring(58.59%). The degree of worry about physical violence was mainly very worried(52.33%). The final coping style was ″nothing was done″(76.75%). The satisfaction of HCWs to physical violence coping styles was very unsatisfied, unsatisfied and uncertain(86.05%). The incidence rate of workplace psychological violence among HCWs was 47.14%(461/978). The perpetrators were mainly patients and their family members(80.40%). The main responses to psychological violence were talking to colleagues, not responding, using language to stop the perpetrator and informing the leaders in charge(71.41%). The degree of worry was very worried and uncertain(71.58%). The final coping style was ″do nothing″ and verbal warning(83.08%). The satisfaction of HCWs to psychological violence coping styles was very unsatisfied, unsatisfied and uncertain(83.08%).CONCLUSION: Patients and their family members are the main perpetrators of hospital WPV, but the parallel violence from HCWs can′t be ignored. We do not have a good way to deal with most of the hospital WPV. The number of HCWs seeking legal protection and union support is extremely low. It is urgent to explore effective management mode to deal with hospital WPV.

Violência doméstica contra a mulher - com a fala, eles, os homens autores da violência / Domestic violence against a woman - with the speak: they, the authors of violence

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a alegação apresentada por homens autores de violência doméstica, contra as suas companheiras (ou ex-companheiras), pelo cometimento de seus atos. Os fatores relatados por esses homens demonstram o seu não reconhecimento enquanto sujeitos autores de violência contra a mulher. Desse modo, os motivos alegados podem ser importante matéria para a construção de políticas públicas de enfrentamento e prevenção, bem como estratégias interventivas junto a esses sujeitos.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the allegations made by male domestic violence perpetrators against their female partners (or former female partners) for the commission of their acts. The factors reported by these men demonstrate their non-recognition as perpetrators of violence against women. Thus, the reasons given may be important matter for the construction of public policies of coping and prevention and intervention strategies with these subjects.

Perfil dos parceiros íntimos de violência doméstica: uma expressão da questão social brasileira / Profile of Intimate Partners in Domestic Violence: an expression of the Brazilian social issue

Resumo: Este artigo pesquisa características dos parceiros íntimos que praticam violência doméstica contra a mulher. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo sobre o perfil socioeconômico de homens autores de VPI no ano de 2017, através de dados do Núcleo de Atendimento a Vítimas de Violências da cidade de Canoas. Iniciativas para reduzir a violência do parceiro requerem mudanças culturais, compromisso dos governos, conscientização da sociedade, e a identificação da ocorrência de VPI pelos órgãos responsáveis.

Abstract: Aiming to investigate the characterization of intimate partnerts who commit domestic violence (IPV) against women, a descriptive study was conducted about the sociodemographic profile of men authors of IPV during the year of 2017, using data provided by a care center for victims of violence located in the Great Porto Alegre. This kind of measure requires the commitment and the view of the community, the local government and the civil society and, especially, it requires that health professionals identify the occurrence of IPV.

Produção de sentidos em um grupo reflexivo para homens autores de violência / Producción de significados en un grupo reflexivo para hombres autores de violencia / Production of meanings in a reflexive group for male perpetrators of violence

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o cenário de produção de sentidos em um grupo reflexivo para homens autores de violência conjugal: posicionamentos, dificuldades e efeitos que o grupo suscita em seus diferentes atores - homens e facilitadoras. Para tanto, foi realizada observação participante durante 10 sessões, com registros em diário de campo. A posteriori realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com dois integrantes do grupo e as profissionais condutoras. De modo geral, o grupo demonstrou ser um ambiente propício de produção, circulação e atualização de repertórios discursivos sobre o fenômeno da violência de gênero. No entanto, estes deslocamentos discursivos não acontecem de forma homogênea, tampouco sem dificuldades e tensões. O campo e os dados das entrevistas revelaram dificuldades provenientes de diferentes ordens: tanto operacional/metodológicas, institucional/burocráticas, mas, sobretudo, acerca do vínculo profissionais/homens por este se sustentar por um frágil "acordo judicial".

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el escenario de producción de significados en un grupo reflexivo de hombres autores de violencia conyugal: posiciones, dificultades y efectos que tiene el grupo sobre sus diferentes actores - hombres y facilitadores. Para eso, se realizó observación participante durante 10 sesiones, con registro en un diario de campo. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con dos miembros del grupo y los profesionales directores. En general, el grupo resultó ser un entorno propicio para la producción, circulación y actualización de repertorios discursivos sobre el fenómeno de la violencia de género. Sin embargo, estos desplazamientos discursivos no ocurren de manera homogénea, tampoco sin dificultades y tensiones. El campo y los datos de las entrevistas revelaron dificultades derivadas de diferentes órdenes: tanto operacional/metodológico, institucional/burocrático, pero, sobre todo, acerca del vínculo profesional/masculino porque se sustenta en un frágil "acuerdo judicial".

Abstract This article aimed to analyze the scenario of production of meanings in a reflexive group for men who committed conjugal violence: the positioning, difficulties and effects the group has in its different actors - men and facilitators. For this, 10 sessions of participative observation were made, being reported on a field journal, as well as semi-structured interviews with two group members and the conductive professionals. Generally, the group has shown itself to be propitious for the production, circulation and update of discursive repertoires on the gender violence phenomena. However, these discursive movements do not happen in a homogeneous form, nor without struggles and tensions. The fieldwork and the data from the interview revealed difficulties of different orders: operational/methodological, institutional/bureaucratic, but, above all, on the professional/men bond as it is sustained by a fragile "judicial agreement".

A perpetração dos comportamentos antissociais em jovens cabo-verdianos: um estudo preditivo / The perpetration of antisocial behaviours in young cape verdean: a predictive study

Resumo Em Cabo-Verde, desde finais dos anos 90 tem-se assistido a um aumento crescente dos comportamentos antissociais cometidos por jovens com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 21 anos. Todavia, o conhecimento acerca dos fatores que estão na génese e manutenção de tais comportamentos revela-se, ainda, incipiente. Neste estudo procurou-se identificar os fatores que predizem comportamentos antissociais auto relatados, recorrendo-se, para o efeito, aoInternational Self-Report DelinquencyStudy (ISRD-3). A amostra foi constituída por 535 alunos de ambos os sexos a frequentar o ensino público secundário em Cabo Verde, sendo 284 (53%) do sexo feminino e 247 (46.25%) do sexo masculino. A idade dos jovens varia entre os 13 e os 21 anos, tendo uma média de idade de 16.66 e um desvio padrão de 2.04. Os resultados indicam que o sexo é um forte preditor da perpetração de comportamentos antissociais, sendo que indivíduos do sexo masculino revelam maior probabilidade de envolvimento em comportamentos antissociais. Os adolescentes com menos atitudes antissociais são também aqueles com menor probabilidade de se envolverem em comportamentos antisociais. Da mesma forma, e ainda que apenas se revele marginalmente significativa, os adolescentes que relatam maior envolvimento em atividades antissociais evidenciam uma maior probabilidade de se envolverem em atividades de ocupação dos tempos livres disruptivas. Estes resultados são analisados em termos das suas implicações para a prevenção da delinquência.

Abstract In Cape Verde, since the end of the 1990s years there has been a significant increase of antisocial behaviors committed by young people (aged 12 and 21). Nevertheless, knowledge of factors that lie at the origin and maintenance of such behaviors still reveals incident or are still at an early stage. In this study, we tried to identify possible risk factors that forecast antisocial behaviour, self-reported by using, for this purpose, the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-3).The sample consisted of 535 students from both sexes attending public secondary education in Cape Verde, of which 284 (53%) were females and 247 (46.25%) males. The age of young people varies between 13 and 21 years, having an average age of 16.66 and a standard deviation of 2.04. The results indicate that sex is a strong predictor of perpetration of antisocial behaviors, given that males show greater probability of engaging in antisocial behaviors. Teenagers with less antisocial attitudes are also those with less probability to engage in antisocial behaviors. Likewise, and even if only reveals marginally significant, adolescents who report major involvement in antisocial activities highlights a greater probability to engage in disruptive hobby activities. These results are analyzed in terms of their implications for the prevention of delinquency.

Plight of Street Children: An Explorative Study from Varanasi, India.

Rapid pace of unplanned urbanization in the developing countries has resulted in a large proportion of children becoming homeless, leading to multiple children living on the streets. These children are highly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Against this background, studies on the situational analysis of street children across India are needed; therefore, a study to assess the condition of street children in the city of Varanasi was planned. Street children registered with a nongovernmental organization were contacted. Four hundred and fifteen children were selected by random sampling, and this group was administered a semi‑structured interview containing 35 items. It was found that all forms of abuse were common, but physical abuse (74%) was highest and the police (25.5%) was an important perpetrator. Younger children were much more vulnerable. The sample commonly had boys and between the ages of 10 and 15 years. It was concluded that these children need policies to be incorporated into the mainstream.

Atenção psicossocial a homens autores de violência conjugal contra a mulher: uma construção participativa / Psychosocial attention to men who have perpetrated conjugal violence against women: a participatory construction / Atención psicosocial a hombres que perpetraron violencia conyugal contra la mujer: una construcción participativa

O presente artigo apresenta a elaboração de uma metodologia de intervenção desenvolvida durante um projeto de educação e atenção psicossocial com homens autores de violência conjugal que foram autuados pela Lei Maria da Penha. Esta atividade consiste no suporte ao Serviço de Responsabilização e Educação do Agressor (SARE), criado para o cumprimento das prerrogativas da Lei Maria da Penha. O projeto ancorou-se nos pressupostos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e da Pedagogia Libertadora. A partir dos princípios norteadores da proposta, foram desenvolvidos os encontros com os homens, nos quais se privilegiou um espaço de vinculação, dialogicidade e construção conjunta. Foram elaboradas, como resultados do projeto, estratégias metodológicas participativas de intervenção, para homens autores de agressão conjugal, que possibilitaram a reformulação dos sentidos de masculinidade, gênero e relação conjugal. Os dados construídos nesta experiência podem se constituir em aporte metodológico para intervenções posteriores e para reflexões sobre políticas públicas nessa temática.

This actual paper presents the development of an interventionist methodology developed during a project of education and psychosocial care along with male perpetrators of domestic violence who were prosecuted by the Maria da Penha Law. This activity consists in supporting the Service for Responsability and Education of the aggressor, created for compliance with the prerogatives from the Maria da Penha Law. The project was grounded on the presupposition of Historical-Cultural Psychology and Pedagogy of Liberation. Based on the guiding principles of the proposal, we developed the encounters with men that privileged space of bonding, dialog and joint construction. It was elaborated, as a result of the project, participative methodological strategies for intervention with the male perpetrators of conjugal aggression that enabled the reformulation of the meanings of masculinity, gender and conjugal relationship. The data raised in this experience can constitute at methodological assistance for posterior interventions and for reflections on public policy on this issue.

El trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de una metodología de intervención desarrollada mientras un proyecto de educación y atención psicosocial a los hombres que han cometido violencia conyugal que fueron penalizados por la Ley "Maria da Penha". Esta actividad es un apoyo a los Servicios de Responsabilidad y Educación de los Agresores - SARE, creados para satisfacer las prerrogativas de la Ley "Maria da Penha". El proyecto está anclado en los supuestos de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural y de la Pedagogía de la Liberación. Desde los principios rectores de la propuesta, las reuniones con los hombres fueran desarrolladas, donde se privilegió un espacio de unión, de diálogo y de construcción conjunta. Se construyeron, como los resultados del proyecto, las estrategias metodológicas participativas de intervención con los autores de agresión conyugal que permitieron la transformación de los sentidos de masculinidad, de género y la relación conyugal, y el cuestionamiento de las normas establecidas de esta relación, que consiste en un enfoque metodológico para las futuras intervenciones y para reflexiones sobre las políticas públicas en este tema.

El acoso psicológico laboral desde la mirada de un perpetrador: un estudio de caso / Assédio moral no trabalho a partir da perspectiva de um autor: um estudo de caso / The mobbing at workplace from perpetrator's point of view: a case study / Harcèlement au travail du point de vue d'un auteur: une étude de cas

Se realizó una investigación de corte cualitativo y orientación fenomenológica, con el propósito de conocer las autopercepciones de una presunta perpetradora de acoso psicológico en el trabajo. El tipo de estudio fue el análisis de un caso y la selección de la participante se logró por muestreo de oportunidad. La información fue obtenida a través de la técnica de la entrevista en profundidad y los datos fueron registrados y analizados bajo el método fenomenológico para conocer cómo la participante se percibía a sí misma en su rol de perpetradora de acoso psicológico en el trabajo. Se construyó una explicación de las categorías emergentes de las experiencias y vivencias de la entrevistada, con base en la interpretación fenomenológica para el establecimiento de sentido y significado a la información proporcionada. Los hallazgos obtenidos muestran la preparación, escenificación, deliberación, intencionalidad de dañar y abuso de la perpetradora en la comisión de comportamientos típicos de acoso psicológico. Asimismo, los datos sugirieron la presencia de un trastorno de la personalidad del tipo paranoide y antisocial en la perpetradora. También se identificó el uso de un puesto de representación sindical para bloquear el desarrollo profesional de su víctima dentro de la institución. Se recomienda la realización de estudios cualitativos en los que participen todos los actores involucrados en el proceso del acoso psicológico en el trabajo (perpetradores, víctimas y testigos).

Nousavons mené une recherchequalitative et de l'orientationphénoménologique, afin de connaître les auto-perceptions des d'unauteurprésumé de harcèlementautravail.Le typed'étudeétaitl'analysed'un cas et en sélectionnantl'échantillon des participants a étéobtenu par opportunité.L'information a étéobtenue par la technique de la entrevues en profondeur et les donnéesontétéenregistrées et analyséesdans la méthodephénoménologique de la façondont le participant se perçoitdans son rôle en tantqu'auteur de harcèlementautravail.Il a étéconstruit une explication des catégoriesémergentes de sens à partir des expériencesbasées sur l'interprétationphénoménologique de la mise en place de la signification et l'importance de l'informationfournie.Les résultatsmontrent la préparation, la mise en scène, la délibération, l'intention de nuire et l'abus de l'auteurdans la commission de comportementstypiquesde harcèlement. En outre, les donnéessuggèrent la présenced'untrouble de la personnalitéantisociale et de typeparanoïdedans le harceleuse.Nousavonsaussiidentifiél'utilisation de la représentationsyndicale à bloquer le développementprofessionnel de la victime ausein de l'institution. Ilestrecommandé que les étudesqualitativesimpliquanttoutes les partiesprenantesdans le processus de harcèlementpsychologiqueautravail [auteurs, victimes et des témoins].

Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa e de orientação fenomenológica a fim de conhecer as autopercepções de uma autora de assédio moral no trabalho. O tipo de estudo foi análise de caso e a seleção da amostra participante se deu por oportunidade. As informações foram obtidas através da técnica de entrevistas em profundidade e os dados foram registrados e analisados a partir do método fenomenológico, para se conhecer como o participante se percebe em seu papel de autor do assédio moral no trabalho. Construiu-se uma explicação das categorias emergentes a partir das experiências e vivências do entrevistado, com base na interpretação fenomenológica para a criação de sentido e significado às informações fornecidas. Os achados mostram a preparação, o estadiamento, a deliberação, a intenção de prejudicar e o abuso do autor na prática de comportamentos típicos de assédio moral no trabalho. Além disso, os dados sugerem a presença de um transtorno de personalidade antissocial e do tipo paranoico no agressor. Também foi identificado o uso de representação sindical para bloquear o desenvolvimento profissional da vítima dentro da instituição. Recomenda-se a realização de estudos qualitativos envolvendo todos os intervenientes no processo de assédio moral no trabalho (agressores, vítimas e testemunhas).

We conducted a qualitative research with phenomenological orientation.The purpose was to know the self-perceptions of an alleged perpetrator of mobbingat work. The type of study was the analysis of a case and the participant was selected by opportunity sampling. The information was obtained through the technique of in-depth interviews and data were analyzed by the phenomenological method for know how the participant perceived herself in her role as perpetrator of mobbing at work. It was built a categories scheme from the interviewed experiences based on phenomenological interpretation. The aim was the establishment of sense and significance of information provided. The findings show the preparation, staging, deliberation, intent to harm and abuse of the perpetrator in the commission of typical mobbing behaviors. Furthermore, the data suggest the presence of a personality disorder and antisocial paranoid type in the mobbing perpetrator. We also identified the use of union representation power to obstruct the victim's professional development within the institution. It is recommended qualitative studies with involving all actors in the process of mobbing at work [perpetrators, victims and witnesses].

Autopercepción de presuntos perpetradores de acoso psicológico en el trabajo. Un acercamiento fenomenológico: A phenomenological approach / Workplace mobbing from alleged perpetrators' point of view

Objetivos: Conocer las autopercepciones de los supuestos perpetradores en el proceso de acoso psicológico en el trabajo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a presuntos perpetradores de acoso psicológico en el trabajo con base en el método fenomenológico a partir de entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis e interpretación se efectuó con el programa Atlas.ti. Resultados: Participaron nueve sujetos que realizan funciones directivas. Las autodescripciones se constituyeron de las percepciones de los entrevistados. Se conformaron tres categorías centrales: las capacidades personales y habilidades para la dirección, los principios en el ejercicio del cargo y las conductas precursoras de acoso psicológico. Los presuntos perpetradores hacen una especie de recomposición perceptual y cognitiva que les distancia del reconocerse como causantes de acoso psicológico.A pesar de que solo dos entrevistados reconocieron su condición de perpetrador, los siete restantes bien pueden ser denominados como tales, ya que en algún momento su comportamiento fue violento, ya sea verbal o conductualmente, y provocó menoscabo en el estado psicológico y emocional de sus víctimas. Conclusiones: Las limitaciones que tienen los hallazgos de un estudio como el que se presenta son evidentes. Sin embargo, consideramos que el alcance futuro de estudios de corte cualitativo que analicen el fenómeno del acoso psicológico en el trabajo está aún intacto y, por ende, representa un área de oportunidad para la generación de conocimiento en el tema.

Objective: To know the self-perceptions of alleged perpetrators in the process of mobbing at workplace. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was realized to alleged perpetrators of mobbing at workplace. We used the phenomenological method from interviews in depth. The analysis and interpretation was carried out by the software Atlas.ti. 6.2 Results: They informed nine subjects that realize managerial functions. The self-descriptions were constituted of the perceptions of the interviewed ones. Three central categories conformed; personal capacities and management skills, personal principles in the exercise of the job post and mobbing at workplace behaviors. The alleged perpetrators do a species of perceptual and cognitive alteration that distances them from being recognizing as mobbers. In spite of the fact that only two interviewed ones recognized their condition of perpetrators, although the other seven can be well named as such, since in some moment his behavior was violent, already be verbal or behaviorally and it provoked a damage in the psychological and emotional condition of his victims. Conclusions: The limitations that take the findings of this study appears are evident. Nevertheless, we think that the future scope of studies of qualitative cut that should analyze the phenomenon of mobbing at workplace is still intact, and it represents an area of opportunity for the generation of knowledge in the topic.

Reconocimiento y uso de tácticas de coerción sexual en hombres y mujeres en el contexto de relaciones heterosexuales: Un estudio en estudiantes universitarios / Recognition and use of sexual coercion tactics in men and women in the context of heterosexual relations a study of university students

Violence is a problem gone through by people in one way or another because of the great amount of manifestations in which it is presented. Sexual violence constitutes one of those ways. At the present time, sexual violence is considered a high-priority problem of public health and of human rights; this type of violence is presented in a continuum that goes from groping to forced sexual relationships. Most of the people associate sexual violence with its extreme form which is rape, but, what does it happen with that type of violence where subtlety or persuasions are involved in order to obtain a sexual relationship? This kind of violence is denominated sexual coercion, and it is defined as the use of any type of physical or emotional pressure used by a person to impose on another one acts of sexual order in the context of a heterosexual encounter of mutual agreement to go out together, to get to know themselves, or to have a romantic or erotic relationship, or a more formal relationship such as the courtship. Sexual coercion is a phenomenon mainly studied in heterosexual and student populations and by means of the theory of sexual scripts is one of the forms adopted by it that have been theoretically tackled with. Sexual scripts are all those structural blocks of knowledge information processing where concepts, categories and relationships based on social experience are gathered and which indicate how heterosexual sexual relationships are to be. The vast majority of the studies on sexual coercion have provided enough evidence on the fact that men are the main perpetrators and women are mostly the injured victims. In developing countries, such as Mexico, several studies show that young men frequently feel with the right, precisely for the fact of being men, to have sexual relationships with young women. For this reason, it is understandable that young women's sexual activity is mostly stigmatized, what can contribute to the acceptance of sexual coercion within the intimate couple relationships as a more <> behavior and socially accepted. For this reason, although men can in some moment be sexually constrained and women can exert coercion, the meaning of the fact can be different and, besides, behaviors that are carried out to obtain the wanted sexual behavior themselves also differ between men and women. Tactics constitutes a clear example on the difference between men and women in the act of coercion. Some international studies have identified, in general terms, two types of sexual coercion tactics: indirect and the direct ones. The indirect tactics are strategies in which the person hides his/her sexual purpose. The direct tactics are strategies where the person openly uses physical or psychological force to compel the other one to get involved in certain sexual activity. In Mexico there are not studies about sexual coercion in non formal relationships of heterosexual couples. Because of the above-mentioned, the present work objectives were to know the frequency and type of sexual coercion tactics in men and women university students. Methods and material Three hundred and twenty students were interviewed, 49.7% of them were men and 50.3% women, and the average individual age was of 21 years. The sample was a non random one and the study was of exploratory type. A questionnaire ad hoc of open questions was elaborated, which made inquiries on the tactics used by men and women to press people of another sex to have a sexual relationship. Personal experiences of sexual coercion were also investigated. The application of the instrument was carried out in a group way and its length was around 45 minutes. Open questions were analyzed through the search of thematic units and categories. The contents analysis was used and later transformed into cases count in order to make the corresponding statistical analysis. Result About the experience of sexual coercion, 33.4% of the total sample mentioned that he/she had been victim of sexual coercion. Women (56.1 %) reported being mainly victims of sexual coercion contrary to the men (43.9%), when carrying out an X² statistics there were not significant differences, in statistical terms, between men and women. Nine point four percent of the total sample mentioned that he/she had exerted sexual coercion toward his/her couple. Men (83.3%) reported to have mainly exerted sexual coercion toward their couple contrary to women (16.7%). When carrying out an X² statistics a significant difference, in statistical terms, between men and women was found [X²=16.21, (gl =320/1) p = .000]. Regarding the frequency of the different tactics used by men, men and women reported that the indirect tactics are the most used by men to press women to have sexual relationships. Among the indirect tactics there were found the blackmail, the <>, the verbal deceits, etc. On the other hand, the direct tactics such as threats of physical violence, use of physical violence, insistent petting, etc., were less used by men. Regarding sexual coercion tactics used by women, men and women who participated in the sample, mentioned that direct tactics are more used by women to press a man to have sexual relationships. Within this kind of tactics there were found sexual advances using the body, use of physical violence, use of verbal violence, etc. With respect to the indirect tactics, there were verbal deceits, blackmail, psychological threats, among others. Discussion This research is barely an exploratory study, non representative, but we consider that it makes a contribution of descriptive type to the understanding of sexual coercion in heterosexual relationships when considering both men as women. As it is observed in the results about the experience of sexual coercion, in general terms, such as it is shown in other studies, women were the main victims of sexual coercion, although some men reported being victims, there were no significant difference. Besides, as in other studies, men were those who mostly reported to exert sexual coercion contrary to women, being differences significant in statistical terms. Regarding the tactics used by men in order to coerce their couple, men and women who participated in the sample recognized the indirect tactics as the most used ones, which is in agreement with the outcomes found in other studies. What makes these results interesting is the fact that women recognize in a more open and significant way, that the way a man exerts coercion to a woman is by means of an indirect tactics. These results are much related with the sexual scripts where the man has to gain a sexual access to the woman. With regard to sexual coercion tactics used by women, the direct ones are outstanding, that is to say, those in which woman openly uses the physical, psychological or economic force to press a man to have sexual relationships. The studies about domestic violence state, on the whole, that violence is more exerted by men toward women than the opposite case. Nevertheless, there are also studies about domestic violence which state that women are as aggressive as men. These studies have been questioned and at the moment the debate persists about the findings, because although women use physical violence, it is important to wonder about the intensity of the blow or if the physical violence is rather a defensive answer. The results of this study show the relevance of knowing more about this phenomenon, since many of the subjects in this study are not able to identify any event of sexual coercion in their relationship, reason for which it will be necessary to search what is happening in Mexico on this matter and to even go into the topic of youth's relationships, in particular, the heterosexual ones and the scripts that regulate this relationship, in order to be able of creating better prevention programs guided to eliminate domestic violence to obtain a better mental, sexual and reproductive health.

La violencia es un problema que nos afecta a todas las personas de una u otra manera por la gran cantidad de manifestaciones en las que se presenta. Una de esas formas es la violencia sexual. En la actualidad ésta es considerada un problema prioritario de salud pública y de derechos humanos y se presenta en un continuo que va desde el manoseo hasta las relaciones sexuales forzadas. Una de las formas de este tipo de violencia es la coerción sexual que se define como el uso de cualquier tipo de presión física o emocional que es utilizada por una persona para imponer actos de orden sexual sobre otra en el contexto de un encuentro heterosexual de mutuo acuerdo para salir juntas, para conocerse o sostener una relación romántica o erótica, o en una relación más formal como el noviazgo. La coerción sexual ha sido abordada teóricamente a través de la teoría de los guiones sexuales o scripts. Aunque hombres y mujeres pueden sufrir este tipo de violencia, la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre coerción sexual han evidenciado que los hombres son los principales perpetradores y las mujeres, las víctimas. Un claro ejemplo sobre la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres en la forma de coercionar son las tácticas. Por lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivos conocer la frecuencia y tipo de tácticas de coerción sexual en hombres y mujeres universitarios. Material y métodos Se entrevistaron a 320 estudiantes, un 49.7% de los sujetos fueron hombres y 50.3% mujeres, la media de edad fue de 21 años. La muestra fue no probabilística y el estudio fue de tipo exploratorio. Se elaboró un cuestionario ad hoc de preguntas abiertas, las cuales indagan sobre las tácticas utilizadas por hombres y mujeres para presionar a personas de otro sexo a tener una relación sexual; también se indagó sobre las experiencias personales de coerción sexual. La aplicación del instrumento se realizó de manera grupal con una duración aproximada de 45 minutos. Las preguntas abiertas fueron analizadas a través de la búsqueda de unidades temáticas y categorías. Se utilizó el análisis de contenido y después se transformó en conteo de casos para hacer el análisis estadístico correspondiente. Resultados Sobre la experiencia de coerción sexual, un 33.4% de la muestra total menciona que ha sido víctima de ella. Un 9.4% de la muestra total menciona que ha ejercido coerción sexual hacia su pareja; al realizar una X² se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres [X² =16.21, (gl = 320/1) p = .000]. En cuanto a la frecuencia de las diferentes tácticas utilizadas por los hombres, los y las participantes reportan que las tácticas indirectas son más utilizadas por éstos, mientras que las mujeres utilizan más las tácticas directas. Discusión: Como se observa en los resultados, en general, al igual que en otros estudios, las mujeres son las principales víctimas de coerción sexual y los hombres quienes la ejercen. Los resultados de este estudio evidencian la importancia de conocer más sobre este fenómeno ya que muchos de los sujetos en este estudio no fueron capaces de identificar algún evento de coerción sexual en su relación, por lo que habrá que profundizar mucho más en el tema de las relaciones de pareja de los jóvenes, en particular en la heterosexualidad, y los guiones que la norman, para poder crear cada vez mejores programas de prevención encaminados a eliminar la violencia en las relaciones de pareja y para obtener una mejor salud mental, sexual y reproductiva.

Conductas socialmente indeseables asociadas a agresores y resilientes. Un estudio de casos y controles en Medellín, Colombia. 2003 - 2005 / Deviant behaviors associated with aggressors and resilient subjects. A case-control study in Medellin, Colombia. 2003-2005

Con base en un estudio de casos y controles realizado en Medellín, Colombia, entre 2003 y 2005 con el fin de estimar los factores asociados a formas severas de agresión y delincuencia, así como los factores de resiliencia frente a ellas, se estimaron las conductas socialmente indeseables o anómicas vinculadas a cada uno de los grupos estudiados. Metodología: Se estudiaron cinco grupos: agresores severos (n=62), agresores principalmente de riñas graves (n=81), miembros de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) no reinsertados, comúnmente denominados paramilitares (n=72), resilientes (n=59) y controles comunitarios (n=103). A todos se les hizo una encuesta, respondida personalmente en las comunidades donde residen, para ello se los identificó y contactó por medio de entidades y personas de las comunidades que les merecieran respeto y confianza. Resultados: La magnitud de la prevalencia y el número de las conductas de agresión abierta, de agresión encubierta, de oposición y el consumo de sicoactivos es mayor entre los miembros de las AUC, los agresores severos y los agresores de riñas que entre los controles y resilientes. Los resilientes presentan menor número de conductas socialmente anómalas que los controles comunitarios y con una proporción de prevalencia menor. El grupo de AUC no se diferencia de los agresores más severos en cuanto a las conductas que están frecuentemente asociadas a cada uno de estos grupos.

Concurrent risky or deviant behaviors of serious offenders, resilient men and community controls were estimated through a case-control study carried out in Medellin, Colombia between 2003 and 2005. Methodology: Cases: serious offenders (n=62), men involved in violent quarrels or brawls (n=81), and members of Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia -Colombian paramilitary army- (AUC), also known as paramilitaries (n=72) were compared to resilient men (n=59) and community controls (n=103). All were interviewed face to face in their communities. Cases were interviewed at the site, day and hour agreed with the group leader. Controls and resilient men were referred by respected and trusted persons of the community and interviewed in their own communities in a place chosen by them. Results: Antecedents of overt and covert aggression, deviant behaviors and oppositional behaviors, and substance abuse was higher among AUC members (paramilitaries), serious offenders and men involved in quarrels than among community controls and resilient men. Resilient men report a smaller number of concurrent deviant and risky behaviors compared to community controls. AUC members (paramilitaries) are not different from serious offenders in their reports of concurrent risky and deviant behaviors.

Psychosocial Characteristics of Spousal Violence in Hunan / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the psychosocial characteristics of the perpetrators and the victims of spouse violence (SV).Methods:80 families with a history of SV were randomly selected from communities, and their psychosocial characteristics were compared with control group of 96 non-SV families matched for family structure. A self-designed SV questionnaire, the self-report Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Trait Coping Style and Questionnaire (TCSQ) were used in this cross-sectional survey.Results:65 husbands and 15 wives were identified as perpetrators, correspondingly 65 wives and 15 husbands as victims. The total score and factors scores of SCL-90, EPQ-N score, and scores of subjective social support, objective support and total supports were higher in perpetrators than their counterparts in control group. Negative coping style and EPQ-P score were respectively higher and lower in perpetrators than victims of SV (29.6?8.3/29.5?7.4,t=2.127, P